How can managers add value

How managers can add value to the organization Managers can add value to their organization in many different ways. First, they can like other employees, add value by simply doing their job well. Managers are performing the leading and motivating function, and a lot more depends on their successful work than on the work performed by other employees. Disruptions in managerial functions are bound to disorganize the work of other members of the organization as managers are supposed to add coherence to the organization’s activities. Thus, efficient and coherent leadership is the most important way in which managers can contribute to the success of their company. To carry out this challenging task, managers need to present a consistent policy to the rank-and-file employees so that managerial decisions do not conflict with each other. In fact, a discrepancy in the guidelines established by different members of the managing team can be most detrimental to the progress of business, and thus is one thing managers should most definitely refrain from. A person in a managerial position is certain to interact with other people including those who are their subordinates and can therefore be more easily influenced by managers. Consequently, a manager can promote the organization by influencing these people developing their understanding of business, skills and expertise, as well as supporting the ethical code of the organization. Of course, the manager is not always able to improve the potential of the workforce drastically in one sweep, but they can strive and work to achieve this purpose by raising their requirements to employees’ level of knowledge, skills and expertise. Managers can influence employees by setting a positive example themselves. The preservation and realization of the moral and ethical norms in an organization is dependent in the first place on the styles and practices at the top. Yet another way in which managers can make a contribution is choosing experienced, motivated personnel that can successfully achieve the goals set by the organization. The management usually makes staff decisions, and their correctness is of crucial importance for the benefit of the cause. The people are the primary value of any organization, and the ability to find able workforce and use it effectively for the benefit of the organization is the chief strength of any manager. Managers also add value by pursuing the interests of the organization in the external environment, for example, by advertising, crafting the public relations policy, promoting the image of the organization to the public. Various promotional events and participation in the life of the community can be of help here. It is also important that managers put the interests of the organization they serve above their own pursuits. The temptation to use a position of power to capitalize on it for the achievement of one’s won enrichment or attainment of some other, for example, political goals. A manager needs to avoid that if he or she is determined to enhance the value of the organization. Thus, managers as people who are holding in their hands the levers to the control of the organization can add value to it in a number of different ways. They can offer their subordinates a consistent, coherent and effective policy, contribute to the evolution and development of the workforce, make wise decisions on the recruitment of the personnel, further the interests of the organization in the external environment, and uphold ethical standards within the organization. It is perhaps easier to say in which ways they cannot assist the organization: they cannot change the situation in the external environment, such as modify the external environment to a significant extent. The latter statement, however, is not absolute truth, since any organization influences its environment promoting new ways of competition, giving new ideas to the public, prompting new moves of regulating authorities. Therefore, the potential for managers to contribute to the development of their company is virtually unlimited and only restricted by their abilities and expertise. Â  

Geometry in Everyday Life Essay

A solar water heater is the most competitive alternative to conventional water heating methods such as electric geysers and fuel-fed boilers. It makes an attractive and sustainable option, with its global distribution, pollution free nature, virtually inexhaustible supply and near-zero operational cost. Solar water heaters run on a free fuel (i. e. sunshine), thus saving on energy costs that help recover its initial cost in just 2-4 years. Hot water throughout the year: the system works all year round, though you’ll need to heat the water further with a boiler or immersion heater during the winter months. Cut your bills: sunlight is free, so once you’ve paid for the initial installation your hot water costs will be reduced. Cut your carbon footprint: solar hot water is a green, renewable heating system and can reduce your carbon dioxide emissions. Solar water heating systems use solar panels, called collectors, fitted to your roof. These collect heat from the sun and use it to heat up water which is stored in a hot water cylinder. A boiler or immersion heater can be used as a back up to heat the water further to reach the temperature you want. There are two types of solar water heating panels: evacuated tubes (as in the picture above) flat plate collectors, which can be fixed on the roof tiles or integrated into the roof. Larger solar panels can also be arranged to provide some contribution to heating your home as well. However, the amount of heat provided is generally very small and it is not normally considered worth while. Maintenance costs for solar water heating systems are generally very low. Most solar water heating systems come with a five-year or ten-year warranty and require little maintenance. Once fitted your installer should leave written details of any maintenance checks that you can carry out from time to time, ensuring everything is working properly. Perhaps the most important thing you can check for yourself from time to time is whether there are any leaks. If there are any leaks of anti-freeze (even if you can’t see any liquid) this will have a strong smell. If you notice this you should contact your installer. In general you should keep an eye on your system to check that it is doing what it has been designed to do. If you are not getting hot water or the solar pipework is cold (when the pump is running) on warm, sunny days then again you should contact your installer. For peace of mind some installation companies offer an annual service check. You should have your system checked more thoroughly by an accredited installer every 3-7 years, or as specified by your installer. It is likely that after this period of time the anti-freeze that is used to protect your system in the winter months will need to topped up or be replaced as it breaks down over time reducing the performance of your system. Anti-freeze lasts better if the solar water system is used throughout the year and not left unused during the warmest weeks of the year. This cost of replacing the anti-freezer is usually around ? 100. The other thing that your installer should check is the pump. In a well maintained system, pumps can last for ten years plus and usually cost around ? 90 to replace. Solar water heating systems can achieve savings on your energy bills. Based on the results of our recent field trial, typical savings from a well-installed and properly used system are ? 60 per year when replacing gas heating and ? 5 per year when replacing electric immersion heating; however, savings will vary from user to user. Typical carbon savings are around 230kgCO2/year when replacing gas and 500kgCO2/year when replacing electric immersion heating. Spherical reflector type cooker Spherical mirrors are the simplest type of concentrator and are easy to build and use. It is easy to focus sun rays, and if one opts for a moving vessel to meet the focus, cooking can also be done very easily. Such a design was suggested for the first time in the year 1961 by Stam (1961). He suggested a large reflector of 4. m diameter made of local material which could even include mud, and the reflector surface suitably smoothed with fine mud/cement and coated with aluminized polyester. An appropriate technology handbook describes a simple method of construction of the spherical mirror in the ground (a tall tripod with a long string to which a stone is attached at the tip, will act as a guide for excavating a hollow in the ground) and after finishing and stabilizing the interior, the reflector material could be stuck to make it into a spherical mirror. Such a mirror, of about 2. m in diameter, would do useful work for at least five to six hours a day. The cooking vessel could be hung from the tripod or a suitable stand and positioned to meet the focus. Dan Halacy (1974) suggests a similar design. He uses two full and several half cardboard ribs to fabricate the base and attaches mylar film as a reflector. This device was meant mainly for campers. Bamboo and/or other locally available materials could be used to fabricate such hemispherical baskets. Recently Prof. Quintone of the United Kingdom has taken up this design and is trying to popularize it in places likePeru. In his beautifully designed and illustrated site he presents detailed instructions on fabricating the design and using it. The cooker below is a simple steel bowl used for carrying sand, is coated with a reflector foil and a blackened cooking vessel is put in it. The entire assembly is covered over by a flat sheet glass. The design is very similar toSuryakund cited by Kuhnke et al in their book Solar Cookers in the third world. In Suryakund, the vessels are kept in a inverted glass jar. Like Suryakund, this cooker too would suffer from limitation of size. Unfortunately, this simple design has not attracted much attention, but on a very big scale, like in power generation (as in Marseilles, France), such a hemispherical mirror is being used (Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1981). Scientists ofAustralia (Anon. 1979) have presented a similar design. Margaret Koshoni developed the Cone Cooker to suit the needs of Nigerian women. Most people live in flats with balconies; the structure of the balconies will shade the CooKit and make a shadow. The Cone Cooker being placed on a stand has the advantage of elevation and the stand can be moved about without disturbing the cooking. Medved et al. , propose an interesting design (1996) called a ‘SOLAR BALL’. It is an inflatable plastic ball with lower part of reflective material. The cooking vessel is kept at the base. It is an interesting variation but there appears to be some serious limitations with reference to size of the ball as well as size and handling of the cooking vessel. Recently, the spherical geometry seems to have made a come back, and we see that at Auroville in India a 15 meter diameter mirror cooks food for over 1500 persons. A similar large solar bowl was built at the University of Mexico. photovoltaic solar cells PV cells are made from layers of semi-conducting material, usually silicon. When light shines on the cell it creates an electric field across the layers. The stronger the sunshine, the more electricity is produced. Groups of cells are mounted together in panels or modules that can be mounted on your roof. The power of a PV cell is measured in kilowatts peak (kWp). That’s the rate at which it generates energy at peak performance in full direct sunlight during the summer. PV cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Most PV systems are made up of panels that fit on top of an existing roof, but you can also fit solar tiles. Solar tiles and slates Solar tiles are designed to be used in place of ordinary roof tiles. A system made up of solar tiles will typically cost around twice as much as an equivalent panel system, although you will save the money you would have spent on roof tiles or slates. Solar tile systems are not normally as cost-effective as panel systems, and are usually only considered where panels are not considered appropriate for aesthetic or planning reasons. Solar PV needs little maintenance – you’ll just need to keep the panels relatively clean and make sure trees don’t begin to overshadow them. In the UK panels that are tilted at 15 ° or more have the additional benefit of being cleaned by rainfall to ensure optimal performance. Debris is more likely to accumulate if you have ground mounted panels. If dust, debris, snow or bird droppings are a problem they should be removed with warm water (and perhaps some washing-up liquid or something similar – your installer can advise) and a brush or a high pressure hose (or telescopic cleaning pole) if the panels are difficult to reach. Always be careful if you are working above the ground or near the top of a ladder. Alternatively, there are a number of specialist window cleaning companies who will clean solar PV panels for you at a cost (of around ? 30 based on our research in March 2012) depending on the size of your array and location. Many of these companies use a water fed pole system which does away with the need for a ladder. Once fitted, your installer should leave written details of any maintenance checks that you should carry out from time to time to ensure everything is working properly. This should include details of the main inverter fault signals and key trouble-shooting guidance. Ideally your installer should demonstrate this to you at the point of handover. Keeping a close eye on your system and the amount of electricity it’s generating (alongside the weather conditions) will familiarise you with what to expect and alert you to when something might be wrong. The panels should last 25 years or more, but the inverter is likely to need replacing some time during this period, at a current cost of around ? 1,000. Consult with your installer for exact maintenance requirements before you commit to installing a solar PV system. Photovoltaics is the direct conversion of light into electricity at the atomic level. Some materials exhibit a property known as the photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb photons of light and release electrons. When these free electrons are captured, an electric current results that can be used as electricity. The photoelectric effect was first noted by a French physicist, Edmund Bequerel, in 1839, who found that certain materials would produce small amounts of electric current when exposed to light. In 1905, Albert Einstein described the nature of light and the photoelectric effect on which photovoltaic technology is based, for which he later won a Nobel prize in physics. The first photovoltaic module was built by Bell Laboratories in 1954. It was billed as a solar battery and was mostly just a curiosity as it was too expensive to gain widespread use. In the 1960s, the space industry began to make the first serious use of the technology to provide power aboard spacecraft. Through the space programs, the technology advanced, its reliability was established, and the cost began to decline. During the energy crisis in the 1970s, photovoltaic technology gained recognition as a source of power for non-space applications. A number of solar cells electrically connected to each other and mounted in a support structure or frame is called a photovoltaic module. Modules are designed to supply electricity at a certain voltage, such as a common 12 volts system. The current produced is directly dependent on how much light strikes the module. Photovoltaic solar plants work like this: As light hits the solar panels, the solar radiation is converted into direct current electricity (DC). The direct current flows from the panels and is converted into alternating current (AC) used by local electric utilities. Finally, the electricity travels through transformers, and the voltage is boosted for delivery onto the transmission lines so local electric utilities can distribute the electricity to homes and businesses. Solar-Thermal plants work like this: Solar collectors capture and concentrate sunlight to heat a synthetic oil called therminol, which then heats water to create steam. The steam is piped to an onsite turbine-generator to produce electricity, which is then transmitted over power lines. On cloudy days, the plant has a supplementary natural gas boiler. The plant can burn natural gas to heat the water, creating steam to generate electricity. Solar power plants use the sun’s rays to produce electricity. Photovoltaic plants and solar thermal systems are the most commonly used solar technologies today. ` Solar cells such as these are used in photovoltaic solar technology There are two types of solar power plants. They are differentiated depending on how the energy from the sun is converted into electricity – either via photovoltaic or â€Å"solar cells,† or via solar thermal power plants. Photovoltaic plants A photovoltaic cell, commonly called a solar cell or PV, is a technology used to convert solar energy directly into electricity. A photovoltaic cell is usually made from silicon alloys. Particles of solar energy, known as photons, strike the surface of a photovoltaic cell between two semiconductors. These semiconductors exhibit a property known as the photoelectric effect, which causes them to absorb the photons and release electrons. The electrons are captured in the form of an electric current – in other words, electricity. Solar thermal power plants A solar thermal plant generates heat and electricity by concentrating the sun’s energy. That in turn builds steam that helps to feed a turbine and generator to produce electricity. There are three types of solar thermal power plants: 1) Parabolic troughs This is the most common type of solar thermal plant. A â€Å"solar field† usually contains many parallel rows of solar parabolic trough collectors. They use parabola-shaped reflectors to focus the sun at 30 to 100 times its normal intensity. The method is used to heat a special type of fluid, which is then collected at a central location to generate high-pressure, superheated steam. 2) Solar power tower This system uses hundreds to thousands of flat sun-tracking mirrors called heliostats to reflect and concentrate the sun’s energy onto a central receiver tower. The energy can be concentrated as much as 1,500 times that of the energy coming in from the sun. A test solar power tower exists in Juelich in the western German state of North-Rhine Westphalia. It is spread over 18,000 square meters (194,000 square feet) and uses more than 2,000 sun-tracking mirrors to reflect and concentrate the sun’s energy onto a 60-meter-high (200 foot high) central receiver tower. The concentrated solar energy is used to heat the air in the tower to up to 700 degrees Celsius (1,300 degrees Fahrenheit). The heat is captured in a boiler and is used to produce electricity with the help of a steam turbine. Solar thermal energy collectors work well even in adverse weather conditions. They’re used in the Mojave Desert in California and have withstood hailstorms and sandstorms. 3) Solar pond This is a pool of saltwater which collects and stores solar thermal energy. It uses so-called salinity-gradient technology. Basically, the bottom layer of the pond is extremely hot – up to 85 degrees Celsius – and acts as a transparent insulator, permitting sunlight to be trapped from which heat may be withdrawn or stored for later use.

Beowulf Deeper Understanding Essay

In the epic poem Beowulf there is a more universal understanding that can be seen once a reader has taken the time to look deeper into the text of the poem. A characters intentions are not always seen instantaneously. To understand the full meaning of why someone might go out of their way to help another is not always in the kindness of their own heart. A more intense and complicated plot is behind the thoughts of a character named Beowulf. Everything he does always has a catch to it and requires more then a personal thank you. In the poem Beowulf has three battles against foes. The first foe that he encountered was the man beast Grendel. Grendel lived in Denmark, which was a great distance from Beowulf’s homeland. On his journey to Grendel he came upon and slayed nicors. Nicors are sea demons and their occurrence in his journey brought Beowulf more honors. The significance of Beowulf’s journey and the killing of those beasts was that they brought him glory. This glory was not only shown through his pride although it was also shown through the inhabatince of the land towards Beowulf. The people of the land also gave him precious gifts. These gifts brought out the self-centered and materialistic sides of Beowulf. He didn’t slay Grendel to help the people, because his intentions of getting a reward were not accepted out of the kindness of his heart. They were accepted in the sense that he knew that he deserved them and that they should be required to pay him tribute to his greatness. The following foe the Beowulf slayed was Grendel’s mother. His mother wasn’t of any threat to the Danes until Beowulf killed her son. This caused a sedate and low key monster to take offense to the people who she has never tried to revenge against. Beowulf’s ways in which he killed Grendel would be offensive to any parent either human or beast. When your sons arm is seen lying torn off his body symbolizing the greatness of his death and the excellence of a human being revenge is the only answer to the situation. The point in which Beowulf was trying to make when killing Grendel’s mother was that he was showing them that he not only got rid of their biggest  problem but he got rid of the following problem as well. He knew that if he slayed the mother following the son that a more exceptional reward would be given to him. The battle with the mother was more intense then the battle with Grendel because it took place underwater and in that place Beowulf found the deceased body of Grendel. To tip off his fame amongst the Danes he cut off Gredel’s head and returned home with it to signify his notability once again. Since the first and second beasts were off the hands of the Danes and Beowulf has receive enough personal gratification to meet his needs he now travels back home. All of his gifts of gratitude are brought back with him and a few outstanding items are given to the king in honor of Beowulf’s loyalty towards him, although his intentions are not what they seem. His true intentions are to rule the kingdom and he does get his wish once the king dies in battle. While Beowulf is king the people gain much security in him due to his strength in battle. Knowing that Beowulf is less likely to be defeated in battle causes the people to want to treat him better because of the protection that he posses. The last foe the Beowulf goes into battle with is the fire-breathing dragon. The dragon has been in slumber for 300 years until one of Beowulf’s peasants disturbs him by stealing his gold from his cave. Once this occurs the dragon periodically comes out of the cave and torments the Geats. Since the dragon is disturbing Beowulf’s people he takes it upon himself to slay the dragon, although this will end up being the last battle that he is going to be alive to fight in. Once he returns home he dies shortly after asking to see the treasure that he has won from fighting the dragon. In the battle between the dragon and Beowulf him wanting to see his treasure before he dies acknowledges his materialistic ways. He doesn’t ask to see any of his loved ones of the people who have been with him along his journeys, he asks to see what is in his possession before he dies. Beginning the battle he shows his loyalty to his people although his people don’t show loyalty towards him because when he went to fight the dragon majority of them ran away. Therefore, Beowulf’s dignity and strength traits are not  passed on to majority his people and they are only supporting him when they are not involved in dangerous battles. Beowulf wanted to be appreciated. He knew that his strength was rare and he wanted to be treated as a rare stone would be treated. Everything that he did had to be praised and had to have treasure in the end or it wouldn’t be good enough for Beowulf. The fact that he made his people build him a grave and put all of his treasures in it with him shows that his peoples love towards him was not voluntary given. He forced the people to understand that with out him they were nothing and that they would be unable to survive in battle with out him. I believe that he made himself out to be more then he was to make himself feel more out of the crowd then anyone else that obtained a special talent. A person’s innermost feelings are never clearly visible physically. To understand how a person thinks and why they feel the way that they feel is a very hard task. One may never understand the human feelings and what their results may concluded too, although ones inner thoughts or feelings (such as Beowulf’s) may bring upon a deeper level of frustration. In the epic poem of Beowulf such human actions are expresses once a reader looks deeper into the poems story to see that there are more interpretations that can be made on a larger, more universal level.

Neo-Confucianism in the Ming dynasty Research Paper

Neo-Confucianism in the Ming dynasty - Research Paper Example The presentation of the interest on Neo-Confucianism is the main objective of the study undertaken. Specifically, it is aimed to exhibit the main issues and concepts revolving around the said school of though during the Ming Dynasty. This is undertaken by imparting the historical aspect of the said philosophy as accounted in the light of the period of reign and influence of the Ming Dynasty and its leaders specifically Wang Yang-ming. Due to the fact that Confucianism originated in the Chinese culture, the Neo-Confucianism can be considered to have rooted from the continuous development of the Confucianism through the influence of different factors and socio-historical components. Although this is the case, it can be considered that the Neo-Confucianism is considerably distinct from the main influences in China prior to its development. The Chinese culture is practically focused on the practical needs in relation to the human affairs. For that matter, the most pragmatic beliefs and concepts can be found and have originated in China. On the other hand, the Confucianism can be based on the concrete facts in life which encompass both the philosophical and the physical concepts in terns of application (Chang 15). The main root of the distinct character of the Neo-Confucianism in comparison to the orthodox Confucianism can be considered based on the infusion of the Buddhist culture influence due to the weakening of the original Confucianism. The said influence caused the development of the beliefs and concepts that are related to religion, faith and liberation from earthly sufferings. These occurrences in the Chinese history can be dated back to the Chin (Tsin) Dynasty in the A.D. 265-419, which prior to the development of the Neo-Confucianism school of thought (Chang 113). Aside from the development of the Neo-Confucianism on the

Early Childhood Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Early Childhood Education - Essay Example This paper outlines that according to Pavlov, â€Å"an unconditioned stimulus elicits and unconditional response†. This means that the fact that the sticker tactic was a planned stimulus and was not unconditional, that is why it failed. Alternatively, we can also assume that the reason verbal reprimand by Regan’s teachers failed because the stimulus was not effective enough. Regan did not respond to the sticker strategy because the stimulus was not durable enough to prove beneficial in this context. Regan is one of those kids, who need to develop the sense of pride within them, and this could only be achieved by involving Pavlov’s behaviorism theory, which says that for conditioning a kid’s behavior, strong and unconditional stimuli is more effective. If the sticker strategy was used in another way, like the teachers should have made various stickers symbolizing properly done, not good behavior, or very bad attitude, Regan might have felt more inclined tow ards the right attitude that would garner her well-done sticker. By allowing her to choose the sticker according to her performance, instead of providing her the same sticker every day might have done the trick. To understand the psychological tendency of children is the keystone towards conditioning their behaviors at an early stage. According to Darla Miller, to replace misbehavior with the desired behavior, the focus should be on what the child should do rather than what the child should not do. By redirecting his or her attention to other activities and emphasizing on their effectiveness may prove beneficial in this regard. Just like in the case of Regan, the pinching habit was minimized only Regan realized that Emily was having a problem at painting, so it became an issue of integral importance for her to help Emily out, and her focus shifted from pinching to painting.  

Genetics, environment, general biology, evolution, plants, etc. and Article

Genetics, environment, general biology, evolution, plants, etc. and provide a one-page Review, Critique, Relate summary using general writing style and format for each source - Article Example In fact, these long non-coding genes â€Å"might play a major role in regulating the activity of other genes† (â€Å"Human genome†). The information above is taken from the article entitled â€Å"Human genome far more active than thought,† which is published by BiologyNews.net under an anonymous writer. However, despite the absence of the writer’s name, the article cites Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute as the source of the information. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute is a charitable institution registered in England and performs research into genetics and disease, as well as the study of the human genome for the purpose of improving understanding of the principles that govern how the human body reacts to diseases. The reliability of the information in the article â€Å"Human genome far more active than thought† is therefore reliable and verifiable. The news on the discovery of 9,277 long non-coding genes using new, sophisticated technology, as well as the potential discovery of 10,000 more of these, has a profound significance on the medical field. As stated in the article itself, these newly-discovered genes and those about to be discovered may serve as the key to the cure of several incurable or hardly curable diseases that beset humans. Certain genes may, for example, be found to produce chemicals that help cause a disease or prevent it. Those genes known to trigger a disease should then be silenced, and those that prevent disease must be studied. The protozoa that causes malaria – Plasmodium vivax – has undergone the same genetic variations regardless where it is found and despite the distance among continents. This so-called â€Å"microbial globe trotter† protozoa which is harbored by mosquitoes is believed to have spread worldwide because of the tendency of people to travel despite the dormant protozoa in their liver (â€Å"Genome of

JAPANESE CIVILIZATION PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

JAPANESE CIVILIZATION - PowerPoint Presentation Example According to the historical background of the Kamakura, religion was their center of governance and all their decisions were also to run in accordance with their religious rules. Hover much they tried to keep and safeguard their religious beliefs and policies, they still faced some challenges that almost messed up their religion (Kimura 206). The monks were to give directions as they follow but due to the high rate of women seduction, they could not make it as the monks fell into women trap hence leading to direction loss. As per my perception, the development of the Kamakura was mainly based on the stability of Buddhism as a religion. This is so because they had strong belief in their religion hence giving all the powers to their religious leaders. It can therefore be assumed that at one time, the Kamakura faced a lot of difficulties in relation to governance after the parting of some monks. The adulterous also lead to religion break up and this further in turn led to group split out. The Kamakura was therefore separated into different groups based on their beliefs and trust hence leading to the formation or re-establishment of religious beliefs and policies that were to be maintained at all

The Concepts of Financial Intermediation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Concepts of Financial Intermediation - Essay Example A lot of these imperfections lead to particular types of transaction costs. These asymmetries can produce unfavourable selection, they can be temporary, generate moral exposure, and they can result a costly verification and enforcement. Based on studies, financial intermediaries emerge to at least partially overcome these costs. Leland and Pyle (32) interpreted financial intermediation as a coalition of sharing information. And intermediary coalitions according to Diamond (51) can achieve economies of scale. He also envisioned that financial intermediaries act on behalf of ultimate savers by effectively monitoring returns. According to Hart (1995), savers positively value the intermediations in terms of ultimate investments. On banker's behalf, according to Campbell and Kracaw (863-882) financial intermediations can create a constructive incentive result of short-term debt. The deposit finance can produce the right incentives for the management of the bank. A delicate financial structure needed to discipline the bank managers resulted illiquid assets (Diamond 393; Miller 21). In cases wherein the bank borrower preferred direct finance; financial intermediaries still act as a brokerage which was explained by Fama (39-58) as investment banks. In this, reputation is at stake and according to Campbell and Kracaw (885) in financing, the borrower's reputation as well as the financier is relevant. B. The transaction costs approach argument- This approach does not disagree with the statement of complete markets unlike the first approach mentioned. It is in accordance with a no convexities transaction process. The financial intermediaries in this approach work as alliances of borrowers who make use of economies of scale in the transaction process. According to many experts, the concept of transaction costs covers not only monetary transaction costs, but also searches, auditing and monitoring costs. In this instance, the function of the financial intermediaries is to convert particular financial claims into a so-called qualitative asset transformation. Ross (23-40) called it offering liquidity and diversified opportunities. The stipulation of liquidity is a key function for investors and savers and highly for corporate customers, in which the stipulation of diversification is being appreciated in institutional as well as personal financing. This liquidity should play a key role i n asset pricing theory (Oldfield and Santomero WP #95). With transaction costs the basis for the existence of financial intermediation is exogenous. C. Approach based on the regulation of money production - Regulation influences liquidity and solvency within the financial organization or market. It is argued that the capital of the bank affects its refinancing ability, bank safety, and ability to extract repayment from the borrowers (Diamond 414). Regulation as viewed on the basis of legality convenes as a vital factor in financial economy. However, the actions of the intermediaries intrinsically need regulation. The reason is that the banks specifically, are intrinsically illiquid and

BUSINESS LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

BUSINESS LAW - Essay Example In these reports, they show their financial, social and environmental investment to mitigate the losses and harms caused by their corporate activities. These few pages provides a way to these companies to marketize their public image, avoid regulation, access to markets and gaining legitimacy for their corporate objectives. In this paper, corporate social responsibility is defined with emphasis on innovation, and subsequently companies publishing CSR are critically analyzed and discussed in a way to reach at a reasonable conclusion. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept whereby companies integrate environmental and social concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis (European Commission). Additionally, CSR has various definitions (Margolis and Walsh, 2003). Also, Wood (1991) provides that CSR is also called as corporate social performance, sustainable responsible business (SRB) , corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship or responsible business. ... The definition of CSR describes a wide range of stakeholders. Interestingly, each stakeholder does not have the same kind of interests in a company rather different. And these interests vary, as the currency of environmental and social issues revolves over a period of time ((Clarkson, 1995; Davis, 1973; Moskowitz, 1975; Wartick &Cochran, 1985). In the CSR reports, the companies incorporate their current corporate activities that harm environment and society. Besides, such reports contain the positive and negative effects of commercial activities. And, in such reports, the companies mention their current level of financial and non-financial investment in order to minimize the impacts of their commercial activities. As employees, suppliers, creditors, customers, social and environmental groups, governments, local communities can be stakeholders; the companies prepare their CSR reports with regard to the concerns of the related stakeholders. As a result, mostly they are identified as th e stakeholders. However, some companies have been publishing CSR for many years. And, their websites are filled with the material showing their policy to tackle the environmental and social concerns. For example, on the Seventh Generation website, it is mentioned they have been environmentally and socially playing their role and working with innovations to live better life. Environmentally, the company provides its Greenhouse Gas Accounting, carbon footprint reports and their strategies to minimize them. Socially, the website maintains that it has Seventh Generation supports the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund (OCRF) (7genreport, web). Additionally, Wal-Mart also publishes its sustainability reporting with

Describe the U.S. Foreign Policy and how it affects the citizens Essay

Describe the U.S. Foreign Policy and how it affects the citizens - Essay Example ternational education; and protection of American citizens abroad and  expatriation†. The U.S. doesn’t really have a unified foreign policy goal anymore. The most recent unified foreign policy was the Cold War Strategy of containment of the USSR and of Communism, which pervaded its relation with almost virtually every country. Since then, however, there are different policies that are for different countries. Policies may be divided by continents, United Nations, Foreign Aid, Defense, and Allies and Enemies. The U.S. has a strong foreign policy with The United Kingdom. Its foreign policy affirms this bilateral relationship with U.K. as its most important in the world, which is evidenced in the levels of cooperation in military planning, execution of military operations, nuclear weapons technology, and intelligence sharing with each other. These two countries also share the world’s largest foreign investment partnership, with the U.S. investing in the U.K. reachi ng $255 billion and U.K.’s investment in the U.S. reaching $283 billion. Another alliance is NATO, or North American Treaty Organization, which is a national alliance that consists of twenty-eight countries. Under the NATO policy, the U.S. is compelled to defend any NATO state that is attacked by a foreign power (Cox & Stokes, 2008). There are also foreign policies on different issues, such as terrorism, worldwide health and disease, immigration, foreign aid and others. The foreign policy of worldwide health and disease targets globalized diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB, etc. Different organizations have been formed to combat these diseases such as PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief), where the U.S. government spends fifteen billion dollars over a span of five years to combat HIV/AIDS. Foreign aid is also another foreign policy. This policy compels the U.S. to spend about 0.18% of its Gross Domestic Product on Official Development Assistance. Un der this, there is also the Millennium Challenge Account, which is a government organization to which developing countries can apply for U.S. foreign aid (Cox & Stokes, 2008). The average American doesn’t know very much about the U.S.’s foreign policies. Most of the public are uninformed, or misinformed. Despite this, it is still a fact that the U.S. foreign policy does affect almost every aspect of the daily lives of Americans. Take for example the price of gasoline. The U.S. gets its oil from other countries such as Libya, Egypt, and other Middle-Eastern countries. In April 2011, fears about the unrest in Libya and Egypt sent oil prices to $113 a barrel. Another example is the life and death of the nation’s soldiers. NATO is compelled to defend any of its states that are attacked by a foreign power, meaning that there will be drafting of soldiers to go to war, which usually results in deaths and loss of resources (Irish & Frank, 2000). Most American citizens b uild lives

Hemingway in Nature Essay Example for Free

Hemingway in Nature Essay The great respect Ernest Hemingway has for nature is manifested as an important character in his works. Although Hemingway cut down his prose to the minimum necessary to convey the action of his characters, he carefully advanced the theme of nature. Hemingway describes trees, leaves and needles, water, rain and bodies of water, rocks, wind and breezes and animals as part of the theme of nature. In so deliberately including the nature theme in his work, Hemingway elevates it as more than a part of the setting of the action to a point that nature plays a role or a character in the action. Hemingway expresses important concepts and ideas in his writing in a deliberate manner. Within the structure of his sentences and paragraphs, he shapes the concept he is emphasizing by repeating it and using description to highlight it: He lay on the brown, pine-needled floor of the forest, his chin on his folded arms, and high overhead the wind blew in the tops of the pine trees. (Hemingway 1)  Here, the concept of a pine tree is emphasized through its placement both at the beginning and the end of a single, short sentence and the fruit of the tree, the needles, are emphasized to a greater degree by description as the brown, pine-needled floor. Hemingway makes clear that pine tree is thought of both as a living evergreen tree, i.e., green in color, as well as a tree that sheds its needles to create a brown blanket of cover on the floor of the forest. Also, the pine trees are not simple and unmoving objects. The pine trees have acted to cover the floor with needles, and they sway, having been blown by the wind. The character then is not alone in a woods, but rather he is among the pine trees who are moving and acting in the scene as the character does. Hemingway takes the emphasizing to a whole another literal level as he characterizes the interaction between the rain drops and rain and the tree and branches: â€Å"The trees were dripping in the rain. It was cold and the drops hung to the branches.† (Hemingway 1) Repetition is an obvious means by which Hemingway adds impact to the role that nature plays in his work: He was sorry for the birds, especially the small delicate dark terns that were always flying and looking and almost never finding, and he thought, the birds have a harder life than we do except for the robber birds and the heavy strong ones. (Hemingway 29) Hemingway does not simply state the characters idea that he feels sorry for a bird. Instead in this excerpt, Hemingway repeats birds, the type of birds, and the action of the birds over and over: birds, terns, flying, birds, robber birds and heavy strong ones. In this way, Hemingway adds focus to what the character is saying, he feels sorrow toward a particular type of bird, a vulnerable or delicate one, one with a harder life. Even beyond this, Hemingway implies that certain other birds are not worthy of sorrow; the robber birds who are heavy and strong are worthy of contempt. Through the repetition of the word bird or the bird-like descriptions, Hemingway expands his characters feelings and provides greater depth to what is stated. In this way, what is stated is given greater meaning, and the character also is given greater depth. Hemingway could state things in single manner, and in that one manner only. However, his writing style is to repeat an important theme. In this way, there is a certain point to be proven and he makes it clear by underscoring it by repetition. In the excerpt below, Hemingway addresses a snowstorm: In a snowstorm it always seemed, for a time, as if there were no enemies. In a snowstorm the wind would blow a gale; but it blew a white cleanness and the air was full of a driving whiteness and all things were changed and when the wind stopped there would be the stillness. This was a big storm and he might as well enjoy it. It was ruining everything, but you might as well enjoy it. (Hemingway 71) Here, the snowstorm, and other words such as â€Å"blow†, â€Å"blew†, â€Å"gale†, â€Å"cleanness†, â€Å"whiteness†, â€Å"stillness†, and again, â€Å"storm† all are variations on the meaning of what a snowstorm is and what it represents. It leaves a mental picture almost palpable, with the feel, the look and the sound of this aspect of nature. In addition to sentence placement, rich description and repetition, Hemingway personifies nature by giving to it human characteristics. In the following except, the rain is given a personality:  It turned cold that night and the next day it was raining. Coming home from Ospedale Maggiore it rained very hard and I was wet when I came in. Up in my room, the rain was coming down heavily outside on the balcony, and wind blew it against the glass doors. (Hemingway 142) In the three sentences above, Hemingway restates three times that it is raining and then finally emphasizes that the rain is blowing against the glass doors. The rain is shown to be insistent. The rain is not satisfied only to make the character wet while he is outside in the rain, but also the rain tries to barge into the characters room by blowing against the doors. In this way, Hemingway is not content to describe that it is raining, or even that it is raining hard. Instead, he uses imagery of a person prying against a door like a robber to convey that the rain has a purpose or a goal to achieve. Hemingway takes something as simple as the movement of a weed and beautifully plays it up to be something so much more: Just before it was dark, as they passed a great island of Sargasso weed that heaved and swung in the light sea as though the ocean were making love with something under a yellow blanket. (Hemingway 72) Personifying nature is giving it qualities of humans or portraying an aspect of nature to be doing an action that humans tend to do, Hemingway includes this aspect of writing in many of his works. In the above passage, Hemingway manifests the weeds â€Å"making love† in a certain movement. Nature is beautiful and was one of Hemingway’s great loves, yet he was not to sugar coat things. When something was mediocre, he brought it into the light: It stormed all that day. The wind drove down the rain and everywhere there was standing water and mud. The plaster of the broken houses was gray and wet. (Hemingway 174) Just as humans have both good and bad qualities, Hemingway illustrates that nature can mimic just the same. It would be a very great fate to find a paragraph of Hemingway’s that has nothing to do with nature. He carefully articulates each sentence and it has vast meaning. There may be question as to why he includes some; â€Å"‘Fish, he said, ‘I love you and respect you very much. But I will kill you dead before this day ends.’† (Hemingway 54). A man is speaking to a fish, he is well aware that the fish will not respond, but it’s the meaning of taking the time to include him telling the fish that he will have to kill him, assumedly for food. Hemingway addresses nature so as to emphasize its importance to his works. Nature is not simply a part of the setting of scenes by Hemingway in his works. Various depictions of nature are written in a manner that create a tension between nature and the characters. The fact that Hemingway is so careful to emphasize nature in his writing style cannot be viewed as accidental or sentimental. Hemingways work as a whole is remarkable for the reason that it is so precise and cut down to a bare minimum: A.J. Verdelle, what do you think {Hemingways] most positive legacy for American writing has been? A.J. Verdelle: Well, actually, I think that Hemingway changed American writing. I think that he lived in a time at the edge of the florid 19th century, long writing. And he made it spare. He made it new. He made it vigorous. He made it fresh. And I appreciate him a great deal for that. (Verdelle Web.) For his writing which is otherwise spare, Hemingway devotes much energy to making the appearances of nature in his work memorable and active.  Some may wonder why Hemingway chooses to write in such a spare manner, yet not one bit bland: Its really up to you how much you want to read into the pine needles. Regardless of whether they have any larger meaning, Hemingways use of the same image at the beginning and end of the book – not just pine needles, but Robert Jordan lying on them – gives the novel nice  bookends, and a nifty little sense of  circularity†¦ Reading a little more into it, its likely that the pine needles on the ground are meant to be the singular image for the land of Spain itself, for Spanish earth, which Robert Jordan loves. (Siminoff Web) Mr. Siminoff proves an excellent point about the pine needles, however, there are pine needles in France, Michigan, and Austria all places that Hemingway was familiar with and set other stories. So, isn’t the larger point about pine needles that Hemingway connects the action of his characters to nature? The immediacy or vividness of nature in Hemingways work comes from the precise and planned way in which Hemingway writes, giving great meaning in a condensed form to that which he places in a scene: Physical nature is nowhere rendered with greater vividness than in his work†¦The meadows, forests, lakes, and trout streams of America, and the arid, sculpturesque mountains of Spain, appear with astonishing immediacy, an immediacy not dependent upon  descriptive flourishes. (Bloom Web). Bloom studied many great American authors, thus making his knowledge of literature is pronounced. Hemingway wrote solely about the things that he knew, nature depriving itself from all the places he ever went or travelled. The accounts of criticism on the unique writing style of Hemingway are vast and numerous. One common thread between them all is that Hemingway put himself into each piece of literature that he wrote, each reflecting his life in a way: It seems fair to say that Hemingway never really understood himself. His well-publicized front of bravado and he-man feats masked a nature that was somehow empty. What comes through in the huge volume of letters edited by Carlos Baker is the portrait of a man utterly deluded about the extent and sources of his pain, a malicious bully whose exploits served to fill up a life in which something love, empathy, genuine  interest in others was missing. (Atlas Web). While harshly critical of Hemingway, there is a point to be made. They say it is best to write about the things you know, Hemingway did just this. Atlas believed his writing became mainstream and lost its freshness. He argued that Hemingway was missing something from his writing. However, this is only one account. Ernest Hemingway was a man among men. He was the true embodiment of a â€Å"jack of all trades.† All the nature, hunting, fishing, and war tales that he wrote were a part of him. These things were his life and all that he knew. Nature is evidentially manifested in Hemingway’s works through sentences placement, the repetition of a single element in nature, rich description, and by being given human characteristics parts of nature. Upon reading Hemingway novel or short story, immediately bound to a vivid perspective of nature the reader is and that is a true gift. Works Cited: Atlas, James. â€Å"Papa Lives† The Atlantic.com Atlantic Monthly Group. 31 Mar. 2011. Web. 31 Mar. 2011 Bloom, Harold. Blooms How to Write about Ernest Hemingway. New York: Infobase, 2009. Print. Bloom, Harold, ed. Bloom on Ernest Hemingway. Ernest Hemingway, Blooms Major Short Story Writers. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishing, 1999. Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54SID=5iPin= BMSSEH01SingleRecord=True (accessed February 3, 2011). Hemingway, Ernest. Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1929. Print. Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1952. Print. Hemingway, Ernest. Up in Michigan. The Short Stories. New York: Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1953. 81-87. Print  Reflections on Hemingway. Pbs.org. Joe Stoppard. Web. 31 Mar. 2011. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/ernest-hemingway/reflections-on-ernest-hemingway/629/. Siminoff, David. From Whom the Bell Tolls. Shmoop. Web. 31 Mar. 2011.  http://www.shmoop.com/for-whom-the-bell-tolls/.

The Power and Influence of Advertising Essay Example for Free

The Power and Influence of Advertising Essay 1. Introduction The questionnaire has been designed to record respondents’ views on the power and influence of advertising in various media. The questionnaire consists of six questions, designed to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Five out of the six questions (questions 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6) are closed questions, suitable for the recording of quantitative data. Respondents are offered a selection of pre-written answers and choose the category or categories most suited to their profile or opinion. Questions 1 and 2 record respondents’ basic personal details, whilst ensuring that each respondent remains anonymous. Question 1 records the respondent’s sex, and produces nominal data. Question 2 asks respondents to select an age category. This is a preferable practice to asking respondents’ exact age, as people are occasionally unwilling to reveal this information, thus resulting in missing data. This question records ordinal quantitative data. Question 3 asks respondents to choose which form of media they consider to be the most powerful. The questionnaire allows a choice of three responses; â€Å"still image (magazines and newspapers)†, â€Å"still image (billboards)†, or â€Å"moving image (TV)†. This question records nominal quantitative data. Question 5 asks respondents to record whether or not a skilful advertising campaign would influence them to vote for a particular political party, purchase a particular product or brand, or revise their opinion on a specific issue or cause. Respondents are able to select as many or as few options as they wish. This question also records nominal data, as no chosen option is of a higher value than the others. Question 6 records ordinal quantitative data by asking respondents to gauge their opinion of how much they feel that they are influenced by advertising, in comparison to other people. Respondents have the option to choose from three options; â€Å"less than other people†, â€Å"more than other people†, or â€Å"about the same as other people†. In contrast, Question 4 is an open question, designed to allow respondents to elaborate on their perception of the power and influence of the specific media focussed on by the researchers. Naturally, this type of in-depth response contains far more detail, allowing an insight into the individual respondent’s feelings and opinions on the issue. The data provided by this type of question is also more difficult and time-consuming to analyse, as the analyst must sift through each response in detail. Qualitative data of this type could possibly be allocated to separate categories to allow a quantitative analysis, but this would lose any subtlety inherent in the detail, and the categories would offer a fairly crude interpretation of the responses. 2. Design Issues Although each researcher has asked all respondents exactly the same  questions, there are minor differences in the design layout of each researcher’s questionnaire. Researcher A lists all available options for each question on the questionnaire paper. He then records all quantitative responses with a YES or NO beside each respondent’s choices. Similarly, Researcher B also lists all available options for each question on the questionnaire paper. She then circles all respondents’ selected quantitative responses. Researcher C adopts a slightly different approach to recording his data. Except in the case of question 5, a multiple answer question, where all potential answer options are displayed on the questionnaire paper, Researcher C simply records each respondent’s answer to a single choice question below the appropriate question. Researcher C also attaches an alphabetical annotation to the available choices in question 5, apart from in the case of questionnaires 14 and 15. A survey designed to obtain data on the power and influence of advertising in various media could possibly be made more inclusive by including a question on advertising via the world wide web. 3. Results Each of the three researchers obtained 15 completed questionnaires. All quantitative and qualitative responses for each researcher’s questionnaires are detailed in appendices 1 (quantitative data) and 2 (qualitative data). A summary of responses, attributed to each researcher, is given below. 3.1 Quantitative Data 3.1.1 Sex Each researcher has gathered data from both male and female respondents. Researcher A’s responses are heavily biased towards female respondents; 3 males (20%) as compared to 12 females (80%). Both researcher B and Researcher C have achieved more of a balanced sample, with 6 male and 9 female respondents each (40% and 60% respectively). 3.1.2 Age Group The age range of respondents differs dramatically, depending on the researcher. Researcher A’s respondents are fairly evenly spread across the age range, with almost half the sample (46.6%) above the age of 40, and just over half the sample (53.3%) below the age of 40. Researcher B’s data also includes respondents from each age group, although the sample is heavily weighted towards respondents in the 18-25 group (53.3%). Researcher C’s data is far less representative of the complete age range, only containing respondents from the 18-25 and 26-30 age groups, and here it is heavily biased towards the 18-25 group (73.3%). This disparity of sex and age representation may have an effect on the subsequent responses for each researcher. 3.1.3 Most Powerful Form of Advertising The moving image (television) is regarded by the vast majority of all respondents as the most powerful form of advertising, regardless of age and gender. 73.3% of Researcher A’s respondents cited this as their preference, compared to 66.7% of Researcher B’s, and 80% of Researcher C’s respondents. Perhaps significantly, the very highest percentage preference recorded here is from Researcher C’s respondents, who are drawn exclusively from the youngest two age groups. Images in magazines or newspapers are cited by 2 of Researcher A’s respondents, and by 3 each of Researcher B’s and Researcher C’s respondents. Gender and age do not appear to have any strong influence over the data relating to magazines and newspapers, although no respondents are aged over 40. Researcher A’s respondents are both female, one aged between18-25 and the other aged between 31- 40. Researcher B’s respondents include a female aged between 26 -30, and two males from the 18 -25 age group. Researcher C’s respondents are all female, and within the 18-25 age group (unsurprisingly, as all of Researcher C’s respondents are drawn from the youngest two age groups). Images on billboards are only mentioned by 2 each of Researcher A’s and B’s respondents; the two sets of data that contain a wider representation of age ranges. The power of billboard advertising may be affected by a respondent’s age, as no respondent who cited this option is aged less than 26. Researcher A’s respondents are a female aged over 50, and a male from the 26-30 age group. Researcher B’s respondents are a male aged over 50, and a female aged between 31- 40. 3.1.4 The Persuasive Power of a Skilful Advertising Campaign Respondents are asked to state whether or not a skilful advertising campaign would have an influence on them in relation to three factors; voting for a specific political party, buying a particular brand or product, or revising an opinion in relation to a cause or issue. Researcher As and Bs sample groups identified voting for a specific political party as the factor most likely to be influenced by advertising (41.18% and 39.13% respectively). These are the two sample groups with the widest representation of age groups. 34.38% of Researcher Cs respondents identified this factor. An equal percentage of Researcher Cs respondents (34.38%) also identified revising an opinion in relation to an issue or campaign, compared to 27.94% of Researcher As respondents, and 33.33% of Researcher Bs respondents. 30.88% of Researcher As respondents identified influence over buying a brand or product, compared to 27.54% of Researcher Bs, and 31.25% of Researcher Cs (the group containing the youngest respondents) samples. 3.1.5 The Level of Influence as Compared to Other People The question of how much a respondent feels that they are influenced by advertising in relation to other people varies quite considerably by each researcher’s data. 80% of Researcher A’s respondents felt that they are influenced about the same as other people, whereas none felt that they were influenced more. Over half (53.3%) of Researcher B’s respondents felt that they are influenced about the same as other people, as opposed to 26.7% who felt that they are influenced less, and 20.0% who felt that they are influenced more than other people. Researcher C’s respondents are evenly split (33.3%) across all of the three options. Having said this, it is not possible to draw any meaningful conclusions from the data, as the sample sizes are extremely small and unrepresentative. These are, probably, all convenience samples (the researchers have delivered the questionnaire to colleagues, friends and family who they meet during the course of their weekly routine). It would be difficult to make any comparison between the three separate sets of survey data, as each researcher has obtained data from slightly differently weighted samples, as regards gender and age range. 3.2 Qualitative Data In the case of the qualitative responses, there is again variation between each researcher’s data. Researcher A’s qualitative data is extremely brief, mainly consisting of fairly short one sentence responses. The qualitative data obtained by Researcher C contains several slightly longer responses but, again, the majority are rather brief. The majority of Researcher B’s qualitative data responses are far more detailed. She has allowed her respondents to elaborate in their answers, recording the detail, resulting in potentially richer data for analysis. 3.2.1 Moving Image (TV) As discussed in section 3.2 above, the moving image is cited by an overwhelming majority of all respondents, from all three surveys, as the most powerful form of advertising. Researcher A’s respondents gave various reasons for this: †¢ Watching TV unconsciously enters your brain when relaxing. †¢ More real than still pictures. †¢ Music and talk-over help advertising. Researcher B’s respondents elaborated in more depth: †¢ I think it is because you start to desire that object, because you can see it in full detail, and you can see how it looks in 3-D. I think it is the most powerful way of advertising because generally people watch television every day, so will get to see these adverts more so than having to buy a magazine or drive by a billboard. †¢ My eyesight is not as good as it used to be, so I like to be able to hear the advert and what is being advertised. I like to sit down and watch television after I’ve been at work; it helps me to relax and I think that helps me to be drawn into the advert. Researcher B’s respondents show an awareness of the strategic placing of advertising within the television schedule: †¢ Because someone is talking to you, you are more likely to pay attention to the television because you are waiting for your programme to come on. †¢ Because certain companies advertise their products at different times according to how popular the programme is on television. Researcher C’s respondents highlight the passive role of the viewer: †¢ You get the advert’s message where all you have to do is watch. †¢ TV is entertaining to watch and so you’re more susceptible to the ideas adverts present but you don’t necessarily notice it because you’re being entertained. †¢ Because television is more easy to pay attention to than something like reading. Researcher C’s respondents also pinpoint the effects of advertising via an animated medium: †¢ It is interesting to watch television because theirs [sic] moving images and sounds that grab your attention. †¢ Because it uses sound and moving images to create an experience. 3.2.2 Still Image (Magazine or Newspaper) Still images in magazines and newspapers are the second most popular choice for respondents. Researcher A’s recorded responses are extremely brief, and therefore not particularly enlightening: †¢ Persuasive form of advertising. †¢ Colours. Researcher B’s responses are far more informative: Respondents state that: †¢ I think still images capture a moment or a feeling, and if you relate to that it can be powerful, whereas an advert can get lost in moving images, as there are so many more frames, plus a still image can really grab your attention. †¢ I think magazine adverts are quite powerful because you get to look at the picture and understand what is being advertised and what the purpose is for the advert. Also, in between lectures I read a lot of magazines so I get to see loads of adverts. Magazine adverts are nicely laid out and the colour helps sell the item. †¢ I tend to read a lot of magazines; it’s more to do with the fact that the images are stronger. I tend to look at pictures more than read articles. They have started to use black and white images again to make the product  more powerful, and it catches your attention. Researcher C’s respondents add: †¢ You are forced to look at the image because you’re already reading the magazine and, unlike TV, you can look [at] the images for as long as you want to. †¢ The way they use images to provoke certain thoughts. Often they use sex to sell products. †¢ The use of colourful imagery means that you pay attention. 3.2.3 Still Image (Billboard) Unsurprisingly, billboards are selected not only for their imposing physical presence, but also by several respondents who mention travel as part of their daily routine: †¢ I’m often on public transport†¦ they’re almost subliminal. I look at them because I don’t feel it’s as in my face as, say, TV. †¢ The adverts on billboards are very big and easy to read. I do a lot of travelling, so I am on the go all the time, so I pass many each day. When I am stuck in traffic it gives me something to look at. †¢ Billboard adverts are very powerful because they are on large scales, which means that it stands out†¦ billboard adverts are big, colourful and bold. A fourth respondent chooses this option, but states that: I don’t really like them†¦ Appendix 1: Quantitative Data 1. Researcher A Of the 15 completed questionnaires, all respondents answered all questions. Therefore, there is no missing data. Questions: 1.1 Are You†¦ †¢ Male3 (20%) †¢ Female 12 (80%) [pic] 1.2 Which Age Range Do You Fall Into? †¢ 18-25 2 (13.3%) †¢ 26-30 3 (20%) †¢ 31-40 3 (20%) †¢ 41-50 5 (33.3%) †¢ 50+ 2 (13.3%) [pic] 1.3 What Kind of Advertising Do You Find to Be the Most Powerful? †¢ Still Image (Newspaper or Magazine) 2 (13.3%) †¢ Still Image (Billboard) 2 (13.3%) †¢ Moving Image (TV) 11 (73.3%) [pic] 1.4 Are You More Likely to Do Any of the Following as a Result of a Skilful Advertising Campaign? †¢ Vote for a Particular Political Party (41.18%) †¢ Buy a Specific Brand or Product (30.88%) †¢ Issue or Campaign (27.94%) [pic] 1.5 Do You Think That Advertising Influences You †¦ †¢ Less than Other People 3 (20.0%) †¢ More than Other People 0 (0%) †¢ About the Same as Other People 12 (80%) [pic] 2. Researcher B Of the 15 completed questionnaires, all respondents answered all questions. Therefore, there is no missing data. 2.1 Are You†¦ †¢ Male6 (40%) †¢ Female 9 (60%) [pic] 2.2 Which Age Range Do You Fall Into? †¢ 18-25 8 (53.3%) †¢ 26-30 1 (6.7%) †¢ 31-40 2 (13.3%) †¢ 41-50 1 (6.7%) †¢ 50+ 3 (20.0%) [pic] 2.3 What Kind of Advertising Do You Find to Be the Most Powerful? †¢ Still Image (Newspaper or Magazine) 3 (20.0%) †¢ Still Image (Billboard) 2 (13.3%) †¢ Moving Image (TV) 10 (66.7%) [pic] 2.4 Are You More Likely to Do Any of the Following as a Result of a Skilful Advertising Campaign? †¢ Vote for a Particular Political Party (39.13%) †¢ Buy a Specific Brand or Product (27.54) †¢ Issue or Campaign (33.33) [pic] 2.5 Do You Think That Advertising Influences You †¦ †¢ Less than Other People 4 (26.7%) †¢ More than Other People 3 (20.0%) †¢ About the Same as Other People 8 (53.3%) [pic] 3. Researcher C Of the 15 completed questionnaires, all respondents answered all questions. Therefore, there is no missing data. 3.1 Are You†¦ †¢ Male6 (40%) †¢ Female 9 (60%) [pic] 3.2 Which Age Range Do You Fall Into? †¢ 18-25 11 (73.3%) †¢ 26-30 4 (26.7%) †¢ 31-40 0 (0%) †¢ 41-50 0 (0%) †¢ 50+ 0 (0%) [pic] 3.3 What Kind of Advertising Do You Find to Be the Most Powerful? †¢ Still Image (Newspaper or Magazine) 3 (20%) †¢ Still Image (Billboard) 0 (0%) †¢ Moving Image (TV) 12 (80%) [pic] 3.4 Are You More Likely to Do Any of the Following as a Result of a Skilful Advertising Campaign? †¢ Vote for a Particular Political Party (34.38%) †¢ Buy a Specific Brand or Product (31.25%) †¢ Issue or Campaign (34.38%) [pic] 3.5 Do You Think That Advertising Influences You †¦ †¢ Less than Other People 5 (33.3%) †¢ More than Other People 5 (33.3%) †¢ About the Same as Other People 5 (33.3%) [pic] Appendix 2: Qualitative Data Respondents are asked in question 3 to choose which forms of advertising she or he personally finds to be the most powerful, followed by question 4 (an open question) which asks: â€Å"What makes such images powerful†? 1. Researcher A Question:† What makes such images powerful†? 1. I don’t really like them†¦ (2) F, 5 2. I’m often on public transport†¦ they’re almost subliminal. I look at them because I don’t feel it’s as in my face as, say, TV. (2) M, 2 3. Link with reality, similar with reality. (3) F, 4 4. Persuasive form of advertising. (1) F, 1 5. Watching TV, unconsciously enters your brain when relaxing. (3) F, 3 6. More real than still pictures. (3) M, 3 7. Colours and strong personality. (3) F, 4 8. Movement. (3) M, 5 9. Message. Visual stimulation. (3) F, 4 10. Proof of a product to some extent. (3) F, 2 11. Colours. (1) F, 3 12. Stays in memory longer. (3) F, 4 13. Speech and actions (3) F, 2 14. Music and talk-over help advertising. (3) F, 3 15. Camera angles. (3) F, 1 2. Researcher B Question:† What makes such images powerful†? 1. I think it is because you start to desire that object, because you can see it in full detail, and you can see how it looks in 3-D. I think it is the most powerful way of advertising because generally people watch television every day, so will get to see these adverts more so than having to buy a magazine or drive by a billboard. (3) F, 1 2. Sometimes it’s the tune they play with the advert or the characters advertising the product. It tends to hold your attention more than the others. (3) F, 5 3. Because it gets your complete attention. You are sitting down and watching it, it’s not like you’re driving by it and can’t see the full detail of the advert. Also. Because having seen the product on a moving screen you then remember it more. (3) M, 5 4. I think still images capture a moment or a feeling, and if you relate to that it can be powerful, whereas an advert can get lost in moving images, as there are so many more frames, plus a still image can really grab your attention. (1) M, 1 5. Because you get to see a lot of adverts in a short space of time. (3) M, 1 6. I think because you get the sound with the advert it helps to catch your attention more, whereas a still image, you don’t. (3) F, 1 7. Because certain companies advertise their products at different times according to how popular the programme is on television. (3) M, 3 8. Because you get to incorporate sound as well, so it is not just a frozen image. (3) F, 1 9. I think magazine adverts are quite powerful because you get to look at the picture and understand what is  being advertised and what the purpose is for the advert. Also, in between lectures I read a lot of magazines so I get to see loads of adverts. Magazine adverts are nicely laid out and the colour helps sell the item. (1) F, 2 10. Billboard adverts are very powerful because they are on large scales, which means that it stands out and therefore it grabs my attention more than, say, little adverts in a magazine. Also I get bored of watching adverts on television, so they need to be striking and billboard adverts are big, colourful and bold. (2) F, 3 11. I tend to read a lot of magazines; it’s more to do with the fact that the images are stronger. I tend to look at pictures more than read articles. They have started to use black and white images again to make the product more powerful, and it catches your attention. (1) M, 1 12. My eyesight is not as good as it used to be, so I like to be able to hear the advert and what is being advertised. I like to sit down and watch television after I’ve been at work; it helps me to relax and I think that helps me to be drawn into the advert. (3) F, 4 13. Because someone is talking to you, you are more likely to pay attention to the television because you are waiting for your programme to come on. (3) F, 1 14. They use lots of colours and are appealing to the eye. You are more likely to watch television and pay attention to the adverts, whereas if you see it on a billboard or magazine then you are just glancing at it and not actually paying much attention. (3) F, 1 15. The adverts on billboards are very big and easy to read. I do a lot of travelling, so I am on the go all the time, so I pass many each day. When I am stuck in traffic it gives me something to look at. (2) M, 5 3. Researcher C Question:† What makes such images powerful†? 1. You are forced to look at the image because you’re already reading the magazine and, unlike TV, you can look [at] the images for as long as you want to. (1) M, 1 2. The way they use images to provoke certain thoughts. Often they use sex to sell products. (1) F, 1 3. Because television is more easy to pay attention to than something like reading. (3) F, 2 4. It is interesting to watch television because theirs [sic] moving images and  sounds that grab your attention. (3) F, 1 5. You get the advert’s message where all you have to do is watch. (3) F, 1 6. A lot of adverts are made to be enjoyable and entertain. (3) M, 1 7. Their [sic] more interesting than something in a magazine. (3) F, 1 8. It’s fun to watch. They use ideas that will appeal to certain people. (3) M, 2 9. It is interesting to watch. (3) F, 2 10. The use of colourful imagery means that you pay attention. (1) F, 1 11. Thoughts are presented to you particularly when you are waiting for a programme to come on, and so your [sic] forced to pay attention to them whereas reading it requires effort. (3) M, 2 12. Because it uses sound and moving images to create an experience. (3) F, 1 13. It’s like watching real life. (3) F, 1 14. TV is entertaining to watch and so you’re more susceptible to the ideas adverts present but you don’t necessarily notice it because you’re being entertained. (3) M, 1 15. TV is fun to watch. (3) M, 1

Importance Of Self Reflection In Learning

Importance Of Self Reflection In Learning Abstract Self reflection is one of the important phases of learning. As a good designer, self reflection is essential in order to be a great graphic designer. The artwork that I had chosen is the school magazine cover design of SMJK Nan Hwa, Sitiawan that I had done during my internship at SIN BOON BENG PRINTING SDN BHD. SIN BOON BENG PRINTING SDN BHD is a printing company that provides a platform for people to have their own customization design for their own printing order especially the government education department like the primary schools, secondary schools, high schools, colleges and others. The theme of the school magazine cover for this year was to revise from the past and learn something new. The concept of the cover design is to design the cover that suits their theme. Besides, the client also wanted the oriental feel in the cover design mainly because of the identity of the school. In this essay, I will be evaluate and examine myself through this artwork. This essay will be focus ing on evaluating the influences on my design styles, design theories application, the design trends, appropriateness of the context, ethics and so on. Besides, I will also reflecting myself on the design works. I will explain the weaknesses and problems that I had faced in the design process. Each step of the design process will be explaining thoroughly in this essay. Introduction As a knowledgeable graphic design graduate without any personal reflection from time to time, is not compatible to be a great designer. Self reflection is a form of personal response to the experiences, situations, events or even the surroundings that happened around us. The reflective essay can be considered as a mirror that reflects our own personalities and the growth process in us. This is very crucial to everyone especially a designer like us. Reflective essay helps to find out our own personality, ability, design style and others. It can be considered as a processing phase where thinking and learning take place and it will help us to be a greater designer in the future. Therefore, the artwork chosen for this reflective essay is the school magazine cover design of SMJK Nan Hwa, Sitiawan for the year 2010. This artwork was produced during the fourteen weeks of internship at SIN BOON BENG PRINTING SDN BHD. As one of the member of SIN BOON BENG PRINTING SDN BHD, I was assigned to do the school magazine cover design for SMJK Nan Hwa, Sitiawan. This is one of the designs that I had given one hundred percent freedom in doing the design based on the clients requirements which means I did the design individually. Every time I start a design, I like to do some brainstorming and mind mapping for further idea generation. Since the school magazines theme is given by the school, I tried to find the denotative and connotative meaning of the theme. Besides, I also did some research on the layout design in order to do a better cover design for the school. I tried to refer to the resources of the company and also some previous design they had did for the school to gain some inspiration. Once I had done with the cover design, I showed it to my supervisor before it is shown to the client. I had done few designs for the school. The final artwork that had chosen is mainly because I was able to create the bond between the design and the theme. My supervisor and mentor had given me some comments for improvements during the design process. This assignment was actually quite challenging. This is because I need to think about the idea and concept all by myself. My supervisor and mentor just gave me some opinions and comments to improve my design. I was not given any guidance to do the design except the clients requirements. In this assignment, I had tried very hard to implement the knowledge that I had learnt in the university. After I did the design, the final artwork was email to the client and the client was quite satisfied about it. Scope of study This study focuses on evaluating and examines the reflecting process on my artwork. This report attempts to present a preview of developments and the involvement in the general area of design process development. Therefore it will address issues such as design methodologies, markets design trend, application of knowledge and others. The development process will be addressed through different features of case studies, design theories and methodologies in this essay. This study summarizes some of the information, as well as information from the previous artworks, in an attempt to illustrate the evolution of my design growing process. It reviews, as well, researches, knowledge and experiences that brought changes in my design career. Objectives/ Aims of essay Self reflection is a very important phase for everyone especially a young designer like me. It is highly beneficial to students development and provides a great value in students graduated life. Those students who are well equipped and managed to done well during this phase probably might have a great success in their career life. It also prepared us to face the real industry working environment and make us understand other strengths and weakness so that we can improve ourselves and prepared ourselves for a better future. Self reflective writing indirectly develops our critical thinking and making us to consider the comments or critics of our design so that we can improve about it. The objectives of self reflective essay are as followings: To provide us an opportunity to practice, evaluate and examine our knowledge in our learning process. Through self reflections, we are able to gain practical experience that is related to our course and yet enhance our basic skills that have been learnt in university through this self reflection session. Furthermore, through this self reflection session, we had a chance to implement what we have learned in the class and yet we are able to learn even more no matter in design sense or skills throughout this session. To equip ourselves. It is essential that every designer should cultivate self reflection in our design life so that our critical thinking, creativities and skills will be improved in the passage of time. Learning is a life-long process. Learning through our own mistakes and experiences even required more time and more difficulties because we need to evaluate ourselves and learn from our mistakes. It also helps to speed up the learning process of how our knowledge could be applied in the reality. To develop our critical thinking and enhance our creativities. Critical thinking is a mindset that is able to conceptualize, apply, analyze, synthesize, and/or evaluate information through observations, experiences, reflections, reasoning, or communications. Self reflections help to develop our critical thinking whereby we are able to process the information, comments or critics and accept it with ordinary mindset. We are able to accept every critic and listen to the comments around us. We are also able to analysis the comments and critics in order to improve ourselves for a better future. Rationale of essay The study of reflecting ourselves on the graphic design and multimedia field through previous artworks can be a learning paradigm in the higher level to enhance our knowledge and communication skills as well. This is not only basic education be learned by todays students but acquisition of learning skills and knowledge for gainful employment and full participation in countrys society. The essays goal is designed to help students improve academic competence, develop employability skills, implement a career plan and participate in a career pathway in preparation for post secondary education or careers in the graphic design and multimedia field after graduating. This goal can be achieved through the self reflection process that can guide and evaluate ourselves and try to learn from the mistakes. The output of this study is a source material that the teachers can assimilate and disseminate by diffusion and induction technique. Problem Statement In every design process, there are always many problems occurred during the design phase. I had several problems in designing the school magazine cover. The school had provided their own theme design in a circle shape and they requested to remain it. As the result, I had limited to do a circle design on the surrounding of the theme. As the logo design for the school theme is in white colour, I need to consider the suitable colours for the cover. Besides, the client requested to have the oriental feel on the cover and yet can bring up the theme. In order to solve the problems, I did a lot of research on the oriental at first. I also did the research on the theme of the school where it actually came from Confucius, to learn something new from the past.

Aquatic Invertebrates :: essays research papers

Outline for a report Aquatic Invertebrates Used to Classify Stream Health Ecosystem All things contained in an environment Water (input and output) Climate Daylight Plant life Clear Cutting Clear Cutting seriously effects all aspects of an ecosystem Maine is, per capita, the most heavily logged state in the continental U.S. Why Clear Cutting is Used Simple Creates a uniform forest to harvest in 40 years or so Easy to replant Cheap to Maintain (pesticides) Clear Cutting Impacts on Streams Clear Cutting seriously effects stream ecosystems The effects of clear cutting can be felt on stream ecosystems for up to 60 years The First Five Years After a Clear Cut This time period is actually beneficial in most aspects of stream animal (vertebrate and invertebrate) health The increase in CWD creates resources for life Nutrients good for aquatic species increase Nitrogen levels increase 40 times Potassium levels increase 11 times After Five Years The negative effects of clear cutting begin to be felt Increase in fast growing vegetation catches nutrients Increased solar radiation leads to increased water temperatures With no protection, water temperatures drop drastically at night After Five Years (continued) Packed soil and new vegetation lead to increased water input Leading to higher peak flows and washing out CWD and boulders (habitats) The stream widens and becomes shallower Overall homogenization of the stream occurs Second Growth After 30-40 years, second growth forests develop The stream ecosystem stabilizes Stream Invertebrates Stream invertebrates have adapted to the harsh stream environment Mayflies are flattened from top to bottom, allowing them to swim fast in low current areas Blackflies produce a substance to attach themselves to rocks when the current is strong Many aquatic insects have tarsal claws used to attach themselves to rocks to avoid the current Identifying Stream Quality with Stream Invertebrates These adaptations have led to species that easily survive in polluted streams and those that don’t Streams can be classified by the types of insects in them There are 3 different categories of aquatic invertebrates when referring to stream health Invertebrate Body Parts Healthy Stream Invertebrates Invertebrates that live in a healthy stream are classified as Group One Taxa Healthy streams contain high biodiversity Some examples are... Stonefly 1/2 to 1.5 inches long 2 tails 6 legs with hooked tips Caddisfly Up to 1 inch â€Å"Shell† made of mud sticks or small rocks 6 hooked legs Different Caddisfly â€Å"Shells† Riffle Beetle 1/4 inch long 6 legs Oval body covered with tiny hairs Mayfly 1/4 to 1 inch long 2 or 3 tails 6 large hooked legs Often confused with the Stonefly Moderately Healthy Stream Invertebrate Invertebrates that live in moderately healthy streams are classified as Group Two Taxa Moderately healthy streams support a lower number and diversity of species Some examples are... Crayfish Up to 6 inches long 8 legs, 2 claws Dragonfly Aquatic Invertebrates :: essays research papers Outline for a report Aquatic Invertebrates Used to Classify Stream Health Ecosystem All things contained in an environment Water (input and output) Climate Daylight Plant life Clear Cutting Clear Cutting seriously effects all aspects of an ecosystem Maine is, per capita, the most heavily logged state in the continental U.S. Why Clear Cutting is Used Simple Creates a uniform forest to harvest in 40 years or so Easy to replant Cheap to Maintain (pesticides) Clear Cutting Impacts on Streams Clear Cutting seriously effects stream ecosystems The effects of clear cutting can be felt on stream ecosystems for up to 60 years The First Five Years After a Clear Cut This time period is actually beneficial in most aspects of stream animal (vertebrate and invertebrate) health The increase in CWD creates resources for life Nutrients good for aquatic species increase Nitrogen levels increase 40 times Potassium levels increase 11 times After Five Years The negative effects of clear cutting begin to be felt Increase in fast growing vegetation catches nutrients Increased solar radiation leads to increased water temperatures With no protection, water temperatures drop drastically at night After Five Years (continued) Packed soil and new vegetation lead to increased water input Leading to higher peak flows and washing out CWD and boulders (habitats) The stream widens and becomes shallower Overall homogenization of the stream occurs Second Growth After 30-40 years, second growth forests develop The stream ecosystem stabilizes Stream Invertebrates Stream invertebrates have adapted to the harsh stream environment Mayflies are flattened from top to bottom, allowing them to swim fast in low current areas Blackflies produce a substance to attach themselves to rocks when the current is strong Many aquatic insects have tarsal claws used to attach themselves to rocks to avoid the current Identifying Stream Quality with Stream Invertebrates These adaptations have led to species that easily survive in polluted streams and those that don’t Streams can be classified by the types of insects in them There are 3 different categories of aquatic invertebrates when referring to stream health Invertebrate Body Parts Healthy Stream Invertebrates Invertebrates that live in a healthy stream are classified as Group One Taxa Healthy streams contain high biodiversity Some examples are... Stonefly 1/2 to 1.5 inches long 2 tails 6 legs with hooked tips Caddisfly Up to 1 inch â€Å"Shell† made of mud sticks or small rocks 6 hooked legs Different Caddisfly â€Å"Shells† Riffle Beetle 1/4 inch long 6 legs Oval body covered with tiny hairs Mayfly 1/4 to 1 inch long 2 or 3 tails 6 large hooked legs Often confused with the Stonefly Moderately Healthy Stream Invertebrate Invertebrates that live in moderately healthy streams are classified as Group Two Taxa Moderately healthy streams support a lower number and diversity of species Some examples are... Crayfish Up to 6 inches long 8 legs, 2 claws Dragonfly

The Physics Behind the Power of an Engine :: Physics Engine Essays

The Physics Behind the Power of an Engine Insert the key, turn, and vroom. And down the road you go. Most people take for granted the strange conglomeration of metal and plastic under that sheet of metal either in front or back of their vehicle. The engine as you may have guessed, is modern marvel- so to speak. They’re found in cars, trucks, boats, airplanes†¦All with various power outputs. To discuss the power output, first the cycles of the engine itself needs to be mentioned. 1.Intake: The intake valve opens allowing fresh oxygen rich air mixed with fuel to enter the cylinder. 2.Compression: The piston is pushed upward by the flywheel's momentum compressing the air/fuel mix. 3.Combustion: As the piston reaches the top of its stroke or TDC, the spark plug fires, igniting the mixture. Due to the high compression of this mixture it is very volatile and it explodes when the spark is introduced. This pushes the piston downward and produces power. 4.Exhaust: After the Air/Fuel mix has been burnt the remaining chemicals in the cylinder (water and CO2 for the most part) must be removed so that fresh air can be brought in. As the piston goes back up after combustion the exhaust valve opens allowing the exhaust gasses to be released. Ideally an engine takes in Air (Oxygen and Nitrogen) and fuel (hydrocarbons) and produces CO2, H2O, and the N2 just passes through. However under normal driving conditions an engine will encounter lean conditions when cruising on the highway (better mileage) and rich conditions when accelerating (better power). The lean condition results in oxide and harmful nitrogen production. Rich conditions result in carbon monoxide production. For this reason catalytic converters are used on an engine’s exhaust. The catalyst material in a cat is in a wire mesh or honeycomb. This allows a high surface area to be exposed to the passing exhaust gasses. The catalyst converts the harmful nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide into nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Catalytic converters work best when warm, so some car manufacturers are putting "pre cats" in the exhaust manifold to convert the gasses while the exhaust system is still warming up. Engine output is measured in two ways. The first is a direct measurement of engine output: Torque. Torque is defined as the amount of mass that can be lifted a certain distance from the center of rotation. Torque is what accelerates a car.

A History of Contention:Analyzing Parallels in the Rhetoric of the Religious Right :: Essays Papers

A History of Contention:Analyzing Parallels in the Rhetoric of the Religious Right One hundred and fifty-six years ago, in 1848, when the first Women’s Rights Convention was held in the quiet town of Seneca Falls, New York, the concept that women were entitled to fully enfranchised citizenship was a completely foreign concept. Ideas expressed and rights demanded at that convention, and at early feminist conventions organized throughout the next seventy years, were considered ridiculous. Suffrage rights, divorce rights, women’s property rights, and married women’s right to sign legal contracts, control income, or have legal guardianship of their children—or themselves, for that matter—were reacted to with indifference at best. Surprisingly, one of the most vocal opponents of women’s rights was the conservative Church, who argued that women’s place, according to Scripture, was in the domestic sphere; to intrude into the public sphere was to violate her natural role and endanger her mortal soul. However, religious conse rvatives’ defense of Biblical traditions did not end with women’s rights: if we look at the some of the most contentious social issues of the past and present, some interesting parallels exist between the terms used by fundamentalist Christians to resist women’s rights, abolition, abortion rights, and gay marriage. In each of these debates, the religious conservatives used Scriptural notions of what is â€Å"natural† to resist liberal social reform. The Religious Right and its devotees had been the primary protesters of women’s suffrage since the conception of the movement. Biblically, they argued, women’s roles have been established as subservient to man, second-class; their God-given role is to be dependent, weak, diminutive, and obedient. The Reverend J. G. Holland asserted that woman â€Å"was called into being for man's happiness and interest — his helpmeet — to wait and watch his movements, to second his endeavors, to fight the hard battle of life behind him.† Women were not to be trusted with important moral duties, due to the weakness inherent in their sex. For instance, through the story of Eve’s fall, Christianity has been founded on the doctrine that woman is weak and the source of human evil. According to the Church women were neither supposed to take such an active civil role as suffrage would promote, nor were they capable enough to partake in such a privileged and essentia l civic duty: what did—indeed what should—God-abiding women know about politics? It was on this religious basis that many women were actually opposed to women’s rights.

History report Essay

1. Life in the big cities of Europe when Columbus set sail in 1492 were unhealthy, unsanitary, and very brutal conditions. Many poor and people who couldn’t support themselves would starve to death and also many people were dying of diseases that were spreading through the cities. â€Å"For most of its people a land of violence, squalor, treachery, and intolerance. † In-migration from the countryside was a vital part to if the cities were to be saved from going extinct. Conditions with famine were harsh. â€Å"The rich ate, and ate to excess, watched by a thousand hungry eyes as they consumed their gargantuan meals. The rest of the population starved† The slightest fluctuation in food price could cause the sudden death of thousands. 2. If one ventured outside the cities of Europe to the countryside, the quality of life was no better. â€Å"Areas such as Castile and Andalusia were wracked with harvest failures that brought on mass death. † With the harsh conditions people frequently turned on each other during witchcraft hysteria. â€Å"Because of the dismal social conditions and prevailing social values it was a place filled with malice and hatred, temporarily bound by the majority in order to harry and persecute the local witch. † 3. The wealthy of Europe were preoccupied by their need for foreign luxuries. The wealthy were after silver and gold, while on Columbus’s expedition that is what they were out to seek. â€Å"The crusades had begun four centuries earlier, had increased the appetites of affluent Europeans for foreign luxuries. † Columbus had set on his expedition and reached The New Land but the native people he encountered did not have an abundance of gold like he had expected. Columbus came up with the system called the requerimento, to help encourage the Native Americans into finding gold. If they objected to the offer they would make war against the Native Americans and kill or taken slaves. 4. Columbus’s first impression on the New World was that it was filled with new opportunities and was beautiful. He wasn’t used to the different ways of the Native Americans; many didn’t wear clothing and were not as progressed or as modernized. C Columbus’s landing in the new world was significant to the Catholic Church in Spain because, †Each time the Spanish encountered a native individual they were ordered to read to the Indians a statement informing them of the truth of Christianity and the necessity to swear immediate allegiance to the Pope and to the Spanish crown. 5. The requerimiento in a way was just an excuse to be brutal to the natives because the Spanish usually didn’t wait for them to even respond and they were put into chains, also they didn’t understand the language so they had no opportunity to reply. The disease that most likely killed the Native Americans on the second voyage was malaria. The reason Spaniards weren’t as affected was because the Natives hadn’t built up immunity to the diseases they were being exposed to. â€Å"Samuel Eliot Morison diagnosed it as either malaria or something caused by drinking well water or eating strange fish. † 6. Yes, I think these words in a way apply to what the Spanish did to the native people they encountered. I think this because they were being unreasonable and for no reason being very brutal to the natives and killing them and taking them as prisoners. They weren’t even given a fair chance; the Spanish invaded the native’s land and took everything from them because of their consuming greed for gold.